EKA · Guides
Guides
Energy explained on one page, with the source alongside every fact. Written by the EKA team; the ones on prices and regulations are reviewed every three months.
For producers
For producers
Dedicated withdrawal or open market?
The GSE and the negotiated contract, item by item: price, imbalance, payments, costs.
Read the guideFor producers
PPA: what it is and what is negotiated
Physical and financial PPAs, the GME PPA Board (Bacheca PPA), the PPA Market and the clauses to check before signing a long-term contract.
Read the guideFor producers
Guarantees of origin: what they are and how they are sold
A certificate for every renewable MWh: who issues them, when they expire, where they are sold and who buys them.
Read the guideFor producers
UPSA and auxiliary services: how do you get the exemption from charges?
Auxiliary services, resolution 109/2021 and UPSA: the 31 December 2026 deadline and the steps to the exemption.
Read the guideFor consumers
For consumers
How to read a business’s energy invoice
The items on a business’s electricity and gas invoice: who sets them, the taxes, medium voltage and where to look for errors.
Read the guideFor consumers
How a business switches its electricity and gas supplier
Termination, notice periods, switching times, renewals and the end of protected services: how a business switches its electricity and gas supplier.
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Energy-intensive companies: who are they and what relief do they get?
Requirements, classes and obligations of energy-intensive companies, and the CSEA dates for the 2027 list: who is entitled to what.
Read the guideFor consumers
Energy communities and self-consumption: what can a business do?
The CACER decree for businesses: the three configurations, the primary substation, the 20-year tariff and the deadlines.
Read the guideFor consumers
Reactive energy on the invoice: when you pay for it and how to avoid it
What reactive energy is, who pays the ARERA charges, the thresholds by time band, cos φ and power factor correction.
Read the guideFor consumers
General system charges: what are they and who pays less?
General system charges: ASOS and ARIM, how they are calculated on the invoice, the reductions for energy-intensive companies and the excluded withdrawals.
Read the guideFor consumers
PSV: what the gas price is and how to read it in indexed offers
The PSV, the wholesale gas price: where it is set and how to read it in an indexed offer, with ARERA’s formula.
Read the guideEnergy prices
Energy prices
PUN and zonal prices: which price applies to you?
From the PUN to the PUN Index GME, the seven zones, the day-ahead market and the time bands: which price applies to producers and consumers.
Read the guideEnergy prices
PUN and PSV: the week
How electricity and gas prices moved in the week just ended, in words.
Read the note